生殖生物学理论与相关技术-spermatogenesis and sperm maturation 151015.pptx

精子发生与成熟;Every human being begins as a zygote, which houses all the necessary instructions for building the human body containing about 100 trillion (1014) cells, an amazing feat.;精子发生和卵子发生: 相同点: 减数分裂， 染色体2n-n 不同点: ;精子发生和卵子发生: 相同点: 减数分裂， 染色体2n-n 不同点: 1. 数目 2. 形态 3. 时相 4. 运动 5. 染色体 6. 细胞命运 7. …. … ;mouse;Human;要注意实验动??与人的差别;Part 1: 精子发生;FIG. 2. The three phases of germ cell development. Stem cells give rise to spermatogonia that undergo several mitotic divisions over the next 10 days. More than half of the spermatogonia undergoes apoptosis during the latter part of the mitotic phase. During much of the meiotic phase, the spermatocytes are in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. After the two meiotic divisions at the end of this phase, germ cells enter the postmeiotic phase. Transcription occurs throughout germ cell development until the midpoint of the postmeiotic phase. During the latter half of this phase, proteins are synthesized from transcripts that have been stored since the early part of the postmeiotic phase. ;SSC Transplantation;In rodents the efferent ducts are outside of the testis and are easily injected using a microinjector. However, in non-rodent species, the efferent ducts are not readily available for injection. In addition, the rete testis in non-rodent species lies inside the testis and consist of many interconnected tubules. Thus, the most efficient means of cell injection in this instance is to use ultrasound guided injection of the rete testis;Rat spermatogenesis in mouse testis. Clouthier DE, Avarbock MR, Maika SD, Hammer RE, Brinster RL. Nature. 1996 May 30;381(6581):418-21. ;Nature. 2011 Mar 24;471(7339):504-7.; Transgenic ; Conventional Knockout; Conditonal Knockout;Gene targeting by Cas9;Cell. 2015 Sep 23. [Epub ahead of print];Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.