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思維模式 創新與傳統的衝突 Writing as a window to a theory of thinking (Kellogg, 1994, 16) 1 Quality writing cannot be achieved without quality thinking. Thinking well may not be a sufficient condition for writing well, but it certainly appears to be a necessary condition. A poorly written paper reflects a failure to generate and develop interesting ideas, a failure to arrange these ideas in a coherent sequence, and a failure to consider the needs of the reading audience. 2 Writing is a tool for thinking. Writing not only demonds thinking, it is also a mean for thinking. (Nickerson et al., 1985) By writing about a subject, one learns what one thinks about the subject. One can improve one’s thinking about a particular subject by writing about it. (Horton, 1982) The complex logical arguments demanded in legal(Stratman, 1990)and scientific thought (Olson, 1976) may well require the tool of writing. Such arguments must be examined and elaborated to be successful, and the written record permits this in a way that spoken language cannot. 3 Writing involves four cognitive operations that play a role in all thinking tasks. Collecting information Planning ideas Translating these ideas into the consensual realm of written text Reviewing ideas and text Writing often in composition classes and elsewhere will improve the student’s ability to think and learn in general. (Langer Applebee, 1987) Writing text is a prime example of behavior that demands mindfulness and effortful engagement. 創造力──定義 1. Haven, K. (1999) 創造力有以下幾個定義: (1) 字典定義: ─ 令某事物存在於世上 ─ 超越傳統觀點及思考模式 (2) 文化方面的定義: ─ 過份注重創造力的品質 (Quality) (3) Haven的定義: ─ 創造力與質素並沒多大關係 (否定說法[2]) ─ 他認為以下兩個要素有助培養學生的創造力 (i) 願意擔當愚者的角色 (willingness to look foolish) (ii)願意無時無刻以愚者姿態出現 (persistence to look foolish over and over again) ─ 只有通過時間的磨練，密集式的練習及持之以恆，創造力便會展現眼前， 像泉水般湧現。 2. Jamieson, (1996) 具創造力作者的條件: (1) 具表達能力，勇於將自己的想法及情感用文字表達出來 (2) 懂得利用文字來與讀者進行溝通 (3) 建立個人風格 (style)── 表達情緒、態度、傳