Chapter 5物质的跨膜运输.ppt

Double Messenger system Figure?15-32?Two intracellular pathways by which activated C-kinase can activate the transcription of specific genes.????In one (red arrows) C-kinase activates a phosphorylation cascade that leads to the phosphorylation of a pivotal protein kinase called MAP-kinase, which in turn phosphorylates and activates the gene regulatory protein Elk-1. Elk-1 is bound to a short DNA sequence in association with another DNA-binding protein. In the other pathway (green arrows) C-kinase activation leads to the phosphorylation of Ik-B, which releases the gene regulatory protein NF-kB so that it can migrate into the nucleus and activate the transcription of specific genes. The mechanisms that shut off a signal are as important as the mechanisms that turn it on. Cholera is caused by a bacterium that multiplies in the intestine, where it produces a protein called cholera toxin. This enters the cells lining the intestine and modifies the α subunit of G protein so that it can no longer hydrolyze its bound GTP. The altered α subunit thus remains in the active state indefinitely, continuing to transmit a signal to its target proteins: Outflow of Na+ and water into the gut. D. The pathway through phospholipase C results in a rise in intracellular Ca+ Cytolasmic calcium levels are determined by events within a membrane. IP3-Ca2+ pathway and DG-PKC pathway Elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ via the IP signaling pathway Signals?GPLR ?GP ?PLC ?IP3 and DAG (twin signals). IP3 ?IP3 receptor(Ca2+ channel, located at the surface of sER) ? Elevation of cytosolic Ca2+; DAG ?activates PKC ?to phosphoralate Ser and Thr on target proteins. Calcium binds to calcium-binding proteins(CaM) which affects other proteins. Structure of calmodulin, a cytosolic protein of 148 amino acids that bind Ca2+ ions Regulating calcium concentrations in plant cells Cytosolic calcium changes in response to several stimuli, including light, pressure, gravity, and hormones. Calcium signaling aids