Morphology - California State University, Bakersfield加利福尼亚州立大学的形态，贝克斯菲尔德.pptVIP

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2019-08-01 发布于江西
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Morphology - California State University, Bakersfield加利福尼亚州立大学的形态，贝克斯菲尔德.ppt

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Morphology Morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies the structure of words. In English and many other languages, many words can be broken down into parts. For example: unhappiness un-happi-ness horses horse-s walking walk-ing Morphology un - carries a negative meaning ness - expresses a state or quality s - expresses plurality ing - conveys a sense of duration A word like “yes”, however, has no internal grammatical structure. We can analyze the sounds, but none of them has any meaning in isolation. Morphology The smallest unit which has a meaning or grammatical function that words can be broken down into are known as morphemes. So to be clear: “un” is a morpheme. “yes” is also a morpheme, but also happens to be a word. Morphology There are several important distinctions that must be made when it comes to morphemes: (1) – Free vs. Bound morphemes Free morphemes are morphemes which can stand alone. We have already seen the example of “yes”. Morphology Bound morphemes: never exist as words themselves, but are always attached to some other morpheme. We have already seen the example of “un”. When we identify the number and types of morphemes that a given word consists of, we are looking at what is referred to as the structure of a word. Morphology Every word has at least one free morpheme, which is referred to as the root, stem, or base. We can further divide bound morphemes into three categories: prefix un-happy suffix happi-ness infix abso-blooming-lutely The general term for all three is affix. Morphology (2) – Derivational vs. Inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes create or derive new words by changing the meaning or by changing the word class of the word.? For example: happy → unhappy Both words are adjectives, but the meaning changes. Morphology quick → quickness The affix changes both meaning and word class - adjective to a noun. In English: Derivational morphemes can be either prefixes or suffixes. Morphology Inflect