大学化学学习lecturepreview.pptVIP

? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Law of Conservation of Mass “We may lay it down as an incontestable axiom that, in all the operations of art and nature, nothing is created; an equal amount of matter exists both before and after the experiment. Upon this principle, the whole art of performing chemical experiments depends.” --Antoine Lavoisier, 1789 Chemical Equations Chemical equations are concise representations of chemical reactions. Anatomy of a Chemical Equation CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) Anatomy of a Chemical Equation CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) Anatomy of a Chemical Equation CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) Anatomy of a Chemical Equation CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) Anatomy of a Chemical Equation CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) Subscripts and Coefficients Give Different Information Subscripts tell the number of atoms of each element in a molecule. Coefficients tell the number of molecules. Reaction Types Combination Reactions Examples: 2Mg(s) + O2(g) ??? 2MgO(s) N2(g) + 3H2(g) ??? 2NH3(g) C3H6(g) + Br2(l) ??? C3H6Br2(l) Decomposition Reactions In a decomposition reaction one substance breaks down into two or more substances. Combustion Reactions Examples: CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ??? CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) ??? 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) Formula Weights Formula Weight (FW) A formula weight is the sum of the atomic weights for the atoms in a chemical formula. So, the formula weight of calcium chloride, CaCl2, would be Ca: 1(40.08 amu) + Cl: 2(35.453 amu) 110.99 amu Formula weights are generally reported for ionic compounds. Molecular Weight (MW) A molecular weight is the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule. For the molecule ethane, C2H6, the molecular weight would be Percent Composition One can find the percentage of the mass of a compound that comes from each of the elements in the compound by using this equation: Percent C