原因论证作业讲解专题讲座.pptx

原因论证作业讲解 粒子加速器 Journalist: In physics journals, the number of articles reporting the results of experiments involving particle accelerators was lower last year than it had been in previous years. Several of the particle accelerators at major research institutions were out of service the year before last for repairs, so it is likely that the low number of articles was due to the decline in availability of particle accelerators. Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the journalist’s argument? 文章数量少+粒子加速器少（相关的现象）-》文章数量少是因为加速器少（解释原因） Gap1：同时发生的事之间有因果关系 Gap2：没有其他原因导致文章数量减少 粒子加速器 A Every article based on experiments with particle accelerators that was submitted for publication last year actually was published. B The average time scientists must wait for access to a particle accelerator has declined over the last several years. C The number of physics journals was the same last year as in previous years. D Particle accelerators can be used for more than one group of experiments in any given year. E Recent changes in the editorial policies of several physics journals have decreased the likelihood that articles concerning particle accelerator research will be accepted for publication. 锌治感冒 Though sucking zinc lozenges has been promoted as a treatment for the common cold, research has revealed no consistent effect. Recently, however, a zinc gel applied nasally has been shown to greatly reduce the duration of colds. Since the gel contains zinc in the same form and concentration as the lozenges, the greater effectiveness of the gel must be due to the fact that cold viruses tend to concentrate in the nose, not the mouth. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? 鼻用锌棒效果好+鼻子里病毒多（相关的现象）-》两种药锌含量相同-》效果好不是因为锌的成分含量（排除成分含量的原因）-》效果好是因为鼻子病毒多（解释原因） Gap1：相关性当做因果关系 Gap2：没有其他原因导致鼻用锌棒效果更好 锌治感冒 A Experimental subjects who used the zinc gel not only had colds of shorter duration but also had less severe symptoms than did those who used