具真体腔的软体动物门.ppt

乌贼 虹膜 视神经节 视神经 视网膜 晶状体 角膜 图10－23 乌贼眼睛结构 自Hickman 第三节 软体动物的系统发展 软体动物与环节动物亲缘关系很近，可能都是由扁形动物涡虫纲进化来的，软体动物向不喜活动的方向发展，被动防御的产生了贝壳，未出现分节现象，头足类的活跃生活方式是后来演变得来的。 多板类是最原始的，表现在梯式神经系统，它应是很早就分开了的一支。 腹足纲是比较活跃的种类，头部明显，由海洋进入淡水甚至陆地生活。 掘足纲和双壳纲比较接近，它们的壳是两瓣的，头部退化（掘足纲）甚至消失（双壳纲）。 头足纲是最高等的，神经系统和感官发达，闭管式循环。 思考题 1、何谓被动防御？有何生存意义？ 2、贝壳的功能是什么？ 3、外套膜在软体动物的生活中起着什么用？ 4、软体动物当中为何陆生种类仅见于腹足纲？ 5、腹足纲身体不对称的原因是什么？ 6、头足纲形态和功能与其生活方式的适应性表现在哪？有何超前进步？ 7、软体动物种类多、数量大，生活方式多样，（固着、穴居、爬行、游泳、寄生）它们的结构特征是如何适应生活方式的？ Characteristics of Phylum Mollusca l.Body bilaterally symmetrical (bilateral asymmetry in some);unsegmented; often with definite head 2.Ventral body wall specialized as a muscular foot, variously modified but used chiefly for locomotion 3.Dorsal body wall forms pair of folds called the mantle, which encloses the mantle cavity, is modified into gills or lungs, and secretes the shell (shell absent in some) 4.Surface epithelium usually ciliated and bearing mucous glands and sensory nerve endings 5. Coelom limited mainly to area around heart, and perhaps lumen of gonads and part of kidneys 6.Complex digestive system; rasping organ (radula) usually present; anus usually emptying into mantle cavity 7. Open circulatory system (mostly closed in cephalopods)of heart (usually three chambered), blood vessels, and sinuses; respiratory pigments in blood 8.Gaseous exchange by gills, lungs, mantle, or body surface 9.One or two kidneys (metanephridia) opening into the pericardial cavity and usually emptying into the mantle cavity, 10.Nervous system of paired cerebral, pleural, pedal, and visceral,ganglia, with nerve cords and subepidermal plexus; ganglia centralized in nerve ring in gastropods and cephalopods 11.Sensory organs of touch, smell, taste, equilibrium, and vision (in some); eyes highly developed in cephalopods 12. Internal and external ciliary tracts often of great functional importance 13. Both monoecious and dioecious forms; spiral cleavage; larva primitively a trochophore, many with a veli