管理经济学mba（英文版）资料教材.ppt

生产要素的重要补充－－企业家才能 马歇尔 ( A. Marshall ) 在其《经济学原理》(1890年)一书中，对传统的“ 三要素” 说作了重要补充，提出了“ 企业家才能”也是生产要素。使“ 生产的三要素”说发展为“ 生产的四要素”。 The price of enterprisers’ talent is profit. The relationship among TP, AP and MP： 　完全竞争情况下厂商的短期均衡　——总量分析法 ( 426页 )　 Total approach is the method that compare the difference between total revenue and total cost, the firm will maximize the profit. ( TR minus TC ) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0 $ Q Q A B D E TC TR 利 润 区 A’ B’ D’ E’ $ 总 利 润 线 　完全竞争情况下厂商的短期均衡　——边际分析法 ( 427页 )　 Marginal approach is the method that compare marginal revenue and marginal cost. In perfect competition, MR = P, so the maximum profit is achieved at the output rate where price equals marginal cost ( P = MC ). ● ● ● ● ● 0 A’ B’ D’ E’ AC MC D’’ P ($) Q 　完全竞争情况下厂商的短期利润或亏损 When a firm is in equilibrium，MR＝MC＝P，the firm can determine the profit-maximizing output. Could a firm make money when it is in the profit-maximizing output? The answer is “ No ”. The maximum profit is only one of the possibilities , the another possibilities are minimum losses or break even. Three possibilities for a firm in its shout-run equilibrium ● ● ● P1 P2 P3 E1 E2 E3 P($) P($) P($) MC MC MC AC AVC AC AC Q1 0 Q2 Q3 0 0 Q Q Q Losses Break Even Profit 　厂商退出生产的决定 If the market price is larger than AC，the firm will produce in order to obtain maximum profit； If the market price is lower than AC but greater than AVC, the firm will continue producing to reduce losses as lower as possible; If the market price is lower than AVC, than the firm will stop producing. 　完全竞争厂商的供给曲线 P($) 5 4 3 2 1 0 Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q P($) 5 4 3 2 1 0 Q Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 S The Cost of Production Opportunity Cost Costs in the Short Run Costs in the Long Run 5 Social costs ( 社会成本 ) Costs in Economics Social costs Private costs The costs to the whole society. 一. Oppor