国际贸易和产业升级的服装价值链外文翻译.docxVIP

国际贸易和产业升级的服装价值链外文翻译 外文翻译 原文 In ter nati onal trade and in dus trial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain Material Source: Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-008 USAAuthor: Gary Gcrcffi* 4. The evolution of the apparel commodity chain in Asia Industrial upgrading within the apparel commodity chain in Asia invoIves the use of networks to create new sources of national and regional competitive advantage. We trace this process through four stages: the building of locally integrated manufacturing and marketing networks, involving close tics with forcign buyers; the internationalization of the apparel commodity chain to encompass new tiers of low-cost suppliers in Asia, in respo nse to a comb in ati on of suppl y-si de con stra ints and external pressures; the coordination of these buyerclriven chains through different types of trade networks; and the completion or regionalization of the apparel commodity chain within Asia. This industrial upgrading cycle in Asia is locally rooted, but it has important repercussions on how the apparel indus try is organized in other regi ons of the world, such as Nor th America and Europe. 4.1. Building commodity chains: OEM and OBM in East Asia The East Asian NIEs are generally taken as the archctypc for industrial upgrading among developing countries. They made a rapid transition from the initial assembly phase of export growth typically utilizing export-processing zones located near major ports to a more generalized system of incenlives that applied to al 1 export-oriented factories in their economies. The next stage for Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore was OEM production. The OEM model has the following features: the supplying firm makes a product according to the design specified by the buyer; the product is sold under the buyer s brand name; the supplier and buyer are separate firms; and the supplier lacks control over distribution. East Asian firms soon became full-range package suppliers fo