第13章-保持绩效的根原因分析.pptVIP

实施控制 Implement Controls 合适的控制计划设计完成后，实施就是在应用计划的过程中培训过程拥有者和操作员的问题了。 如果 SPC 是计划的一部分，则对控制图的正确使用、解读及恰当反应的具体培训也必须包括在内。 过程拥有者也是控制计划的拥有者，因此，他们在控制实施中的参与是必不可少的。 Once a suitable control plan has been designed, implementation is a matter of training process owners and operators in its use. If SPC is a part of the plan, specific training on the proper use, interpretation of, and appropriate response to control charts must be included. The process owners also become the owners of the control plan, so their involvement in its implementation is essential. 审核控制 Audit Controls 经过短时间的控制后，项目团队应该与过程拥有者和操作员一起对其有效性进行监测，这将有助于识别计划中的无效元素以及据此进行相应的修改 。 在识别和减轻这些原因所耗费的时间里，可能需要采取某种临时措施以确保有缺陷的产品、服务或信息不传递到客户手中 。这些措施有时被称为遏制政策，它们应该被设计成临时性的有效对策，直到确定并减轻问题的根原因 。 For a short time after the controls are in place, the project team, in conjunction with the process owners and operators, should monitor their effectiveness. This will provide the opportunity to recognize any ineffective elements of the plan and modify accordingly. During the time that it takes to identify and alleviate the causes, an interim action may be needed to ensure that defective products, services, or information do not reach the customer. These actions are sometimes referred to as containment. They should be designed to be effective and temporary until the root cause of the problem can be determined and alleviated. 10 计划-实施-学习-处置（PDSA） Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) PDSA/PD-CA（休哈特环，戴明环）是一种用于发现和处理问题根原因的问题解决方法。 PDSA主要是通过试验方法识别根原因的指南。在循环实际开始前需要完成症状分析和原因推理，然后进行反复试验以深入钻研待解决问题的根原因。 PDSA方法设法识别那些有可能改进过程或过程结果的变革，然后实施这些变革以观测它们是否能有效产生改进。PDSA 循环试图通过解决方案的试验和错误来确证或反驳关于问题原因的各种观点。 PDSA is a problem-solving approach many use to find and address root causes of problems. PDSA is primarily a guide for identifying root causes through experimentation. This implies that the analysis of symptoms and theorizing of causes are done before the cycle actually starts, and then iterative experiments are performed to drill down to the root causes of the problem being ad