陆地生态系统学研究方法地球气候系统.ppt

陆地生态系统学研究方法地球气候系统.ppt

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* * * Climate gives rise to predictable types of ecosystems Ecosystem distribution is predictable from global patterns of wind and ocean circulation * * * * Let’s start by trying to understand the average energy budget of Earth. Over a year, on average the amount of incoming energy must be balanced by the same amount of energy leaving Earth. * * * * * Now let’s look at regional variations in Earth’s energy budget * * * * * * * * * * * Let’s start by trying to understand the average energy budget of Earth. Over a year, on average the amount of incoming energy must be balanced by the same amount of energy leaving Earth. * * * * * * * * * * 中国科学院研究生院全球变化生态学实验室 陆地生态系统研究方法 Research Methodology in Terrestrial Ecosystem Science Earth’s Climate System Climate is the state factor that most strongly governs the global distribution of terrestrial biomes. Climate exerts a key control over the distribution of Earth’s ecosystems. Energy balance The balance between incoming and outgoing radiation determines the energy available to drive Earth’s climate system. Energy in = energy out Half of solar radiation reaches Earth The atmosphere is transparent to shortwave but absorbs longwave radiation (greenhouse effect) The atmosphere is heated from the bottom by longwave radiation and convection The temperature of a body determines wavelengths of energy emitted Solar radiation has high energy (shortwave) that readily penetrates the atmosphere Earth emits low-energy (longwave) radiation that is absorbed by the atmosphere Atmospheric Structure Troposphere(对流层): the lowest atmospheric layer and contains most of the mass of the atmosphere。 Stratosphere(平流层): Above the troposphere ,is heated from the top. Mesosphere(中间层): temperature again decreases with height. Thermosphere(热成层): composed primarily of O and nitrogen (N) atoms that can absorb very shortwave energy, again causing an increase in heating with height. planetary boundary layer (PBL,行星边界层):is influenced by mixin

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