临界土力学课件演示教学.ppt

;为何要学临界状态土力学：;;土力学模型的发展（简单到复杂）; ;临界状态土力学是Roscoe为代表的剑桥学派创立的(1958,1963,1968);参考文献;;三维轴对称情况中应力的描述：σ2=σ3则应力不变量通常表示为：;为了使本构关系符合热力学基本规则，必须建立完全对偶（功共轭）的应力和应变的描述。与上述应力在功上相对偶的应变（2/3系数）为：;剑桥模型的基本假定：;临界状态的定义;换句话说，临界状态的出现就意味着土已经发生流动破坏，并且隐含着下式成立：;;;;正常固结土;;7-11 Isotropic compression of sand;Chapter Ten ; Figure 10-1 Relationship between deviator stress q’ and axial strain εa in undrained triaxial tests on samples normally consolidated to p’e=a,2a,3a ; Figure 10-2 Relationship between normalized deviator stress q’/ p’e and axial strain εa for the tests in Fig.10-1 ; 为等效固结应力，等效固结应力是正常固结线上相应于某一比容v的平均有效应力，见下式：;;; Figure 10-4 Relationship between (a) deviator stress q’ and axial strain εa and (b) volumetric strainεv in drained triaxial tests on samples isotropically normally consolidated to p’o=a,2a,3a ; Figure 10-5 Relationship between normalized deviator stress q’/p’o and axial strain εa for tests shown in Fig.10-4 ; Figure 10-6 Stress paths in (a) q’:p’ space for drained triaxial tests on normally consolidated samples ;;; Figure 10-8 The critical state line in υ: in p space(data from Parry,1960) ;;;Table 10-1 Values of soil constants for various clays(after Schofield and Wroth,1968,p.157);;;;; Figure 10-10 The path followed by an undrained test in q’:p’:υspace ; Figure 10-11 The path followed by a drained test in q’:p’: υ space;; Figure 10-12 The path followed by a drained test in q’:p’ space ;;;;Figure 10-14 Two drained planes in q’:p’: υ space ;;Figure 10-15 Families of drained and undrained tests in q’:p’: υ space ; ; Figure 10-16 Drained and undrained paths in q’:p’ space ;;;;;Figure 10-23 The path in q’/pe’:p’/p’e space for a drained test ; Figure 10-24 Test paths in q’/pe’:p’/p’e space for a drained test,an undrained test, and a test at constant p’ on samples of normally consolidated kaolin clay(after Balasubramaniam,1969) ;;;;;;本章小结;Roscoe面的几何形状为：当v为常数时，Roscoe面会形成一曲线。当v为不同数值时，所形成的曲线形状都相似，但大小不同。但当采用p/pe：q/qe