河口和三角洲.pptVIP

* * * * slide or creep Active portion of Mississippi Delta The shape is a bird-foot delta Sedimentation is associated with individual distributary channels These form because tidal currents are very weak and waves are generally very small Mississippi River Delta 开阔海岸，波浪强，沿岸流强 砂质滨海平原 波浪主导 Wave-dominated deposits 潮流主导 潮差大，潮滩宽广，垂直于岸的长条状沙坝和潮汐通道 Bay of Fundy Salt Marsh Salt marshes are vegetated inter-tidal flats. Tidal zones within a tidal-flat environment Siliciclastic tidal-flat cross section Progradational succession of tidal-flat deposits * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 河口与三角洲 Estuary ：半封闭的海岸环境，咸淡水混合 Delta ：泥沙在河流入海口堆积，导致海岸线向海推进 海平面变化对河口发育的影响 末次冰盛期至~7,000 BP，海平面急剧上升，泥沙在河口堆积 7,000 BP至今 如果泥沙输入少，河口填充 如果泥沙输入多，河口填充，一部分外溢，向三角洲转化 Dalrymple and Choi, 2007 Wave-dominated Estuary Chesapeake and Delaware Bays Coastal-Plain Estuaries Drowned river valleys Some sediment from Columbia River escapes estuary and accumulates on the adjacent continental shelf. Prevailing transport mechanisms carry sediment northward, and most accumulates on the middle shelf Active portion of Mississippi Delta The shape is a bird-foot delta Flooded river valley (estuary) filled, and sediment is (was) building coastline seaward 河口类型 Types of Estuaries Bar-built estuary (lagoon) sand spit or barrier island encloses embayment shallow example: Willapa Bay Tectonic estuary down-dropped basin (due to plate tectonics) located near ocean, and seawater floods basin example: San Francisco Bay (not very common) 河口沉积Estuarine Sedimentation 泥沙来源：河流、海洋 河流供沙：推移质、悬移质 河口环流Estuarine Circulation Salt wedge 盐水楔 絮凝 Flocculation 最大浑浊带Turbidity Maximum 高浓度泥沙，泥沙沉积的地方，泥沙捕捉器 Fjord Circulation Deep sill Shallow sill thorough mixing of deep water poor mixing of deep water 三角洲 由河口演化而来 现代三角洲最近8000年以来形成 泥沙供应必须克服： 海平面相对上升 构造沉降 海洋动力的侵蚀 Global Distribution of Deltas Nile Delta Flowing northward into Mediterranean Sea Two primary distributaries