认知心理学课件第一章认知心理学绪论.pptVIP

* * AI people were trying to build computer program which can perform the same tasks as human such as playing chess, learning language etc… These attempts showed that it is possible to simulate how mental processes work! * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * In response to AI, psychologists began to formulate a new approach to study human mind. The idea was to explore a particular analogy suggested by the work in AI that Mind is to brain as program is to computer and that Minds are essentially program like entities that run on brains instead of computers. The computer as metaphor Basic Assumptions of Cognitive Psychology Information Processing Approach The closely related idea that mental activity could be described as information processing emerged in psychology: Mind is to brain as program is to computer Information can be processed and stored (remembered) in the brain, retrieved, changed, communicated and turned into action. There are rules (logical or otherwise) by which information is manipulated or processed. As a result of the paradigm shift often referred to as the cognitive revolution, information processing has now replaced Behaviorism as the dominant force in psychology (meeting at MIT, 1956). Cognitive Revolution Limitations of the computer metaphor The metaphor maybe broadly correct but unhelpful because there maybe a diversity of processing models constructed on a different principles which will explain any given data set. Unfortunately, what computer do well, humans do poor, and what humans do well – computer do stupidly or not at all…. （一）符号操作系统范式 符号：泛指代表、表示或意指他物的一切东西（纽韦尔，西蒙）。所谓符号就是模式，任何一个模式只要它能和其他模式相区别，它就是一个符号。如英文字母、书上的文字符号、空间中的光波和声波。既可以是物理的符号，也可以是人脑中抽象的符号，如言语、表象等 符号具有双重属性：一是具有表征外部事物的功能，二是其自身具有物理或形式上的特征，可以标志信息加工的操作。 符号操作系统把人类所具有的观念、能力以及脑内加工的过程，看作是一系列的符号及其运作的事件 完整的符号操作系统应具备以下六种功能 第一，输入符号（输入） 第二，存储符号（储藏） 第三，建立符号结构 第四，条件性迁移（条件传递） 第五，复制符号（复制） 第六，输出符号（输出） 如果具有以上六种功能，它就能表现出智能的特征 符号操作系统