人畜共患隐孢子虫分子流行病英文简要.pptVIP

Likewise, a few humans in the Netherlands were also infected with three IId subtypes, although none of them were found in calves in the same study (Wielinga et al., 2008). Another C. parvum subtype family in calves in Europe, IIl, has also been found occasionally in humans in Slovenia (Soba and Logar, 2008). All these are further indicators of differences in the role of zoonotic transmission of C. parvum among geographic areas. What proportion of human infections with C. parvum subtypes in industrialized nations are attributable to zoonotic transmission remains unclear, as the source of C. parvum in humans can be of bovine or human origin. Thus, not all C. parvum subtypes in humans result from zoonotic infections. Studies in Portugal and Slovenia showed that the genetic diversity of C. parvum was much higher in humans than in calves, and of the three C. parvum subtype families, one (IIc) was not found in animals (Alves et al., 2006; Soba and Logar, 2008). The Netherlands and Australia, where IIc subtypes have only been found in humans. In urban areas in the United States, IIa subtypes are rarely seen in humans. Instead, the anthroponotic IIc subtype family is responsible for most human C. parvum infections in these areas (Xiao et al., 2004b). In urban areas in European countries, such as Lisbon, Portugal, both IIa and IIc are fairly common in humans (Alves et al., 2006). IId subtypes are also common in children in Saudi Arabia (Al-Brikan et al., 2008). C.parvum transmission in humans in developing countries appears largely anthroponotic. The anthroponotic IIc subtype family is responsible for most human C. parvum infections in these areas. In some regions such as Lima, Peru and Kingston, Jamaica, the IIc subtype family is the only C. parvum in humans, whereas in other developing countries such as India, Malawi, Uganda and Kenya, some unusual C. parvum subtype families such as IIb and IIe, are also seen in humans, which have never been seen in anima