碳材料制备新技术--水热碳化.docVIP

Engineering Carbon Materials from the Hydrothermal Carbonization Process of Biomass By Bo Hu, Kan Wang, Liheng Wu, Shu-Hong Yu,*Markus Antonietti, and Maria-Magdalena Titirici* 1. Introduction Synthesis and application of carbon materials have a long history and carbon black, fabricated from fuel-rich partial combustion, has been used for ink, pigments, and tattoos for more than 3000 years. [1]Starting with the discovery of fullerenes [2]and carbon nanotubes, [3]the material science related to valuable carbon materials has become a hot area, motivated by its potential applications in carbon ?xation, catalyst supports, adsorbents, gas storage, electrode, carbon fuel cells and cell biology. [4–8]Many synthetic methods, such as carbonization, high-voltage-arc electricity, laser ablation, or hydrothermal carbonization have been reported for the preparation of amorphous, carbonaceous, porous, or crystalline carbon materials with different size, shape, and chemical compo-sitions. [9–13]In this Review, we will focus on a more sustainable approach, which relies on low speci?c energy input and replaces fossil-fuel-based starting products with biomass. Biomass is a quali?ed carbon raw material for the synthesis of valuable carbon materials because it is available in high quality (e.g.,as pure saccharose and huge amount, and is a environmental friendly renewable resource. An illustration of its potential is the production of bioethanol, which has emerged as a new fuel for vehicles (usuallyby mixing gasoline with alcohol. In the United States, more than 7 billion gallons bioalcohol were produced in 2007. In Brazil, almost all the light automobiles are running on the blend of gasoline and bioalcohol, and similar scales can be easily envisaged for materials, appropriate carbon products assumed. Even more abundant, waste biomass derived from agricultural resides and forest byproducts has drawn little attention as a raw material, since only simple combustion has been used to elevat