生物信息学概述下.pptxVIP

5. 基因组中非编码蛋白质区域的结构与功能研究在细菌这样的微生物中，非编码蛋白质的区域只占整个基因组序列的10％到20％。在高等生物和人的基因组中非编码序列已占到基因组序列的绝大部分。普遍的认识是：它们与基因在四维时空的的表达调控有关。对人类基因组来说，迄今为止，人们真正掌握规律的只有?DNA上的编码蛋白质的区域（基因），这部分序列只占基因组的1．1％。非编码区功能研究 What is the total number of human genes? 28,000±4,000 Only 1.1% of the genome is spanned by exons, whereas 24% is in introns, with 75% of the genome being intergenic DNA. One of the largest challenges is identifying the unknown functions that almost certainly exist in much of the “junk” DNA.Organism Year Millions Total Predicted Number of genes of bases coverage number per million bases sequenced (%) of genes sequenced?Human genome rough draft 2001 2,693 84 31,780 12 (public sequence)Human genome rough draft 2001 2,654 83 39,114 15 (Celera sequence)Arabidopsis thaliana 2000 115 92 25,498 221 ?Drosophila metanogaster 2000 116 64 13,601 117 ?Caenorhabditis elegans 1998 97 99 19,099 197 ?Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1996 12 93 5,800 483 人类基因组非编码区(“Junk”DNA)的构成至少包含如下类型的DNA成份或由其表达的RNA成分：内含子(intron)、卫星(Satellite)DNA、小卫星(minisatellite)DNA、微卫星(Microsatellite)DNA、非均一核RNA(简称hnRNA)、短散置元(short interspersed elements．简称SINE)、长散置元(1ong interspersed elements，简称LINE)、伪基因(Pseudogenes)、顺式调控元件，如启动子、增强子等也属于非编码序列。重复序列在基因组中的比例? Human 45% Arabidopsis 11% C. elegans 7% D. melanogaster 3%Higher eukaryotes are believed to carry a large burden of “junk DNA” in their genomes. Although 98% of the human genome comprises non-protein-coding DNA (#ref-11), the true density and distribution of functional nucleotides in these regions is currently unknown. Who share Ultraconserved Elements?humanmouseratchickenfishdog# of Ultraconserved ElementsThe insertion of a repetitive sequence into a gene can influence its transcri