【课件】27神经系统.pptVIP

4. Taste sweet, sour, bitter, salty 5. Touch 上皮组织内的神经末梢 ? 感受器 RP mechanismsSodium-potassium pump — polarization3 Na+ to outside and 2 K+ to inside Na+ and K+ channel proteins — in quiescent condition，only K+ ions are permitted to pass cytomembrane to the outside of the cell, but Na+ not to insideLarge Cl- ions and negative protein ions cannot move from the inside of the cell to the outside K+ equilibrium potential When not achieve threshold potential: only a few Na+ inflow * 4. Propagation of the action potential between cells ?? synapses 突触 Electrical synapse tight junction between central nervous cells, smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, sensory synapses and receptor cells Chemical synapse the clefts 间隙 between one neurons axon endings and cellar bodies or dendrites of an adjacent neuron Electrical synapse tight junction between central nervous cells 2 nm Commonly in invertebrates Chemical synapse 20-50 nm Commonly in vertebrates Structure of chemical synapses presynaptic membrane plasma membrane of axon ending, synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitters 70 A° synaptic cleft mucopolysaccharide 粘多糖 , glycoprotein 200 A° postsynaptic membrane plasma membrane of postsynaptic cell, neurotransmitter receptors 70 A° The process of synaptic transmission ● arrival of an action potential at an axon ending ? Presynaptic membrane potential is changed ? Ca2+ inflow into cell ● Synaptic vesicles move to and fuse with presynaptic membrane ● Synaptic vesicles rupture and neurotransmitters are released into synaptic cleft ● The neurotransmitters diffuse through the junction and bind to receptors on gated channel proteins of postsynaptic membrane ? the gates open, and ions flow inward ? the inflow triggers a action potential at the membrane site ● Neurotransmitters are hydrolyzed，and gated channels shut Characteristics of synaptic transmission ● Unidirectional from presynaptic membrane to postsynaptic membrane ● Elect