第章 圆柱投影.pptVIP

第四章 圆柱投影 （Cylindrical Projections）;圆柱投影的一般公式 等角圆柱投影（墨卡托投影） 等面积和等距离圆柱投影 斜轴与横轴圆柱投影 透视圆柱投影 圆柱投影的分析和应用;§4.1 圆柱投影的一般公式;圆柱投影的分类;经线和纬线投影后均为平行直线，且经纬线正交。;经差;一阶基本量分别为：;;在椭球面上：;正轴圆柱投影的一般公式概括为：;§4.2 等角圆柱投影（墨卡托投影）;将上式积分：;.;式中K为积分常数，当? = 0时，x = 0，所以有 K = 0。于是上式为：;其中c为圆柱投影常数，rk为所割???切）纬线半径。;正轴等角圆柱投影的一般公式概括为：;墨卡托与他的《世界地图集》;The well-known Mercator projection was perhaps the first projection to be used regularly identified when atlases of over a century ago gradually began to name projections used, a practice now fairly commonplace. While the projection was apparently used by Erhard Etzlaub of Nuremburg (1462-1532) on a small map on the cover of some sundials constructed in 1511 and 1513, the principle remained obscure until Gerhardus Mercator (1512-1594) independently developed it and presented it in 1569 on a large world map of 21 sheets totaling about 1.3 by 2 m. ;Mercator, born at Rupelmonde in Flanders, was probably originally named Gerhard Cremer (or Kremer), but he always used the latinized form. To his contemporaries and to later scholars, he is better known for his skills in map and globe making, for being the first to use the term “atlas” to describe a collection of maps in a volume, for his calligraphy, and for first naming North America as such on a map in 1538. To the world at large, his name is identified chiefly with his projection, which he specifically developed to aid navigation. His 1569 map is entitled “Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata (A new and enlarged description of the Earth with corrections for use in navigation”. He described in Latin the nature of the projection in a large panel covering much of his portrayal of North America. ;墨卡托投影的 x 坐标，又称为“经长”或“渐长纬度”，常以 D 表示。 在切圆柱投影中， ;图4.3 等角圆柱投影(墨卡托投影);等角航线（Rhumb line）;地球面上的等角航线在墨卡托投影中为直线。;得;等角航线的弧长公式;若方位角接近90°或270°时，弧长计算公式采用下式：;等角航线在墨卡托投影中为直线，但是它并不是两点间的最短距离，它是以极点为渐近点的一条螺旋曲线。;等角航线在墨卡托投影中为直线，虽然对航行有很大的方便，但它不是两点间的最短距离。对于远洋航行和长距离飞行，在航行中为了节省能源和时间，通常沿大圆航线（正航线）前进。