颜面颈部发生.pdf

第21 章 颜面、颈和四肢的发生 CHAPTER 21 DEVELOPMENT OF THE FACE,NECK AND LIMBS KEY POINTS  Derivatives of the pharyngeal pouches  Development of the tongue  Development of the thyroid  Formation of the face  Development of the palate  Development of the teeth  Congenital malformations of the face, neck, and limbs. OUTLINE The most typical feature in development of the head and neck is formed by the pharyngeal or branchial arches. These arches appear in the fourth and fifth weeks of development and contribute to the characteristic external appearance of the embryo. Initially they consist of bars of mesenchymal tissue separated by deep clefts known as pharyngeal (branchial) clefts. Simultaneously with development of the arches and clefts, a number of outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches appear along the lateral wall of the pharyngeal gut, the most cranial part of the foregut. Pharygeal arches not only contribute to formation of the neck but also play an important role in formation of the face. At the end of the fourth week the center of the face is formed by the stomodeum, surrounded by the first pair of pharyngeal arches. At the end of the fourth week, five mesenchymal prominences can be recognized: the mandibular prominences, caudal to the stomodeum; the maxillary prominences, lateral to the stomodeum; and the frontonasal prominence, a slightly rounded elevation cranial to the stomodeum. On both sides of the frontonasal prominence, local thickenings of the surface ectoderm, the nasal placodes, originate under inductive influence of the ventral portion of the forebrain. During the fifth week, the nasal placodes invaginate to form nasal pits. In so