微生物学：Chapter7控制.pptVIP

A. Depth filters consist of fibrous or granular materials that have been bonded into a thick layer filled with twisting channels of small diameter. The solution containing microorganisms is sucked through this layer under vacuum, and microbial cells are removed by physical screening or entrapment and also by absorption to the surface of the filter material. B. Membrane filters are thin filters with defined pore size that remove microorganisms, primarily by physical screening. These filters are used to sterilize pharmaceuticals, ophthalmic solutions, culture media, oils, antibiotics, and other heat-sensitive solution. C. High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are used in laminer flow biological safety cabinets to sterilize the air circulating in the enclosure. 4. Radiation A. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is effective but its use is limited to surface sterilization because UV radiation does not penetrate glass, dirt film, water, and other substance. B. Ionizing radiation (X rays, gamma rays, etc.) 1. The characteristics of a desirable disinfectant A. Ideally the disinfectant must be effective against a wild variety of infectious agents at high dilutions and in the presence of organic matter. B. Although the chemical must be toxic for infectious agents, it should not be toxic to people or corrosive for common materials. C. The disinfectant should be stable upon storage, odorless or with a pleasant odor, soluble in water and lipids for penetration into microorganisms and have a low surface tension so that it can enters cracks in surfaces. D. If possible the disinfectant should be relatively inexpensive. 2. Commonly used disinfectants and antiseptics A. Phenolics Phenol was the first widely used antiseptic and disinfectant. In 1867 Joseph Lister employed it to reduce the risk of infection during operation. Today phenol and phenolics ( phenol derivatives) such as cresols, xylenols are used as disinfectants in laboratories and hospital. The commercial disinfectant Ly