大学物理-量子物理 (2).pdf

Transcript 05-2 Atomic Structure A few introductory words of explanation about this transcript. This transcript includes the words sent to the narrator for inclusion in the latest version of the associated video. Occasionally, the narrator changes a few words on the fly in order to improve the flow. It is written in a manner that suggests to the narrator where emphasis and pauses might go, so it is not intended to be grammatically correct. The Scene numbers are left in this transcript although they are not necessarily observable by watching the video. There will also be occasional passages in blue that are NOT in the video but that might be useful corollary information. There may be occasional figures that suggest what might be on the screen at that time. 201-Avatar1-QM-Atoms CHAUCER: Now, let’s see how Quantum Mechanics helps us to understand atomic structure. KEVIN: Ahh – Bohr and de Broglie are two of my heroes. DIANA: Boron who? CHAUCER: Cute, Diana, cute. Jeeves? 205-AtomicStructure th It was during the early decades of the 19 century that the structure of atoms was coming into focus. It was known for example that a hydrogen atom contained one proton and one electron. But the scientists of the time could think of no stable arrangement of the two particles. It was known that protons in any atom were grouped in a small central region called the nucleus and that the electrons were somehow arranged at comparatively large distances outside the nucleus. But, in hydrogen, if the electron were stationary, it would fall into the nucleus since the charges on the particles would cause them to attract one another. Yet the electron couldn’t be in an orbit circling the nucleus either. Circular motion requires constant acceleration of the circling body to keep it from flying away. But the electr