逻辑CR解题框架.docxVIP

Formal Logic Deconstruction Formal Logic Diagrams Choosing symbols to represent each variables Conditional reasoning terms and diagrams 1) The Single Arrow (?) Introduced by sufficient and necessary words such as: if...then, when, all, every, and only, where both elements are positive or both elements are negative. 2) The Double Arrow (??) Introduced by “if and only if” or by situations where the author implies that the arrow goes “both ways,” such as by adding “vice versa” after a conditional statement. Double-arrow statements allow for only two possible outcomes: the two variables occur together, or the neither of the two variables occur. 3) The Double-Not Arrow (?l?) Introduced by conditional statements where exactly one of the terms is negative, or by statements using words such as “no” and “none” that imply the two variables cannot “go together.” New Terms and Diagrams 1) Some Some: at least one/some, a few, a number, several, part of a portion, possibly all (some includes the possibility of all) Some are not: at least one is not, possibly all are not, not all 2) Most Most: a majority, more than half, more often than not(通常，多半), almost all, usually, typically, possibly all (most includes the possibility of all) Most are not: at majority are not, possibly all are not 3) Formal Logic Relationship Indicators Defined Numberically All=100 Most=51 to 100 (a majority) Some are not=0 to 99 (not all) Most are not=0 to 49 Some=1 to 100(at least one) None=0 The Rules of Reversibility Reversibility: the relationship between the two variables has exactly the same meaning regardless of which “side” of the relationship is the starting point of your analysis. You can analyze the relationship from either “side” and still arrive at the same conclusion. Non-reversibility: a single “direction,” the relationship between the two variables is not the same. Some are not statements are also reversible. A some B means some A’s are not B’s, or some things that are not B are A’s. 即B some