食品生物化学Chapter+3+Thermodynamics+of+biological+system.pptVIP

High-Energy Biomolecules: high free energy of hydrolysis First, high-energy phosphate compounds are not long-term energy storage substances. They are transient forms of stored energy, meant to carry energy from point to point, from one enzyme system to another, in the minute-to-minute existence of the cell. Second, the term high-energy compound should not be constructed to imply that these molecules are unstable and hydrolyze or decompose unpredictably. ATP, for example, is quite a stable molecule. A substantial activation energy must be delivered to ATP to hydrolyze the terminal phosphate group. In fact, the activation energy that must be absorbed by the molecule to break the O-P bond is normally 200 to 400 kJ/mol, which is substantially larger than the net 30.5 kJ/mol released in the hydrolysis reaction. Biochemists are much more concerned with the net release of 30.5 kJ/mol 3.6.1 ATP Is an Intermediate Energy-Shuttle Molecule ADP can accept both phosphates and energy from the higher-energy phosphates, and the ATP thus formed can donate both phosphates and energy to the lower-energy molecules of metabolism. The ATP/ADP pair is an intermediately placed acceptor/donor system among high-energy phosphates. ATP functions as a very versatile but intermediate energy shuttle device that interacts with many different energy-coupling enzymes of metabolism. ATP holds an intermediate place in the rank of high-energy phosphates. PEP, cyclic AMP, 1,3-BPG, phosphocreatine, acetyl phosphate, and pyrophosphate all exhibit higher values of ?G°. ATP is uniquely situated between the very high energy phosphates synthesized in the breakdown of fuel molecules and the numerous lower-energy acceptor molecules that are phosphorylated in the course of further metabolic reactions. ADP+Pi, excess Mg2+ AMP+Pi AMP+PPi, excess Mg2+ 3.6.2 Phosphoric Acid Anhydrides Compounds containing phosphoric acid anhydride linkages all exhibit large negative free energies of hydrolysis. For example, ADP,