农业生物技术：概述、管制和选定的政策问题.pdfVIP

Agricultural Biotechnology: Overview, Regulation, and Selected Policy Issues Contents Introduction 1 Background 1 Conventional Breeding 2 Genetic Engineering3 Recombinant DNA Technology 3 Genome Editing 4 New Breeding Techniques (Plants) 5 Cloning (Animals) 6 Adoption of Genetic Engineering in Agriculture 6 Plants 6 Production-Oriented Traits 8 Consumer-Oriented Traits 9 Agricultural Animals and Animal Products (Pharmaceuticals) 11 Animals 11 Animal Products (Pharmaceuticals) 12 Other Organisms 13 Views of Agricultural Biotechnology 14 Scientific Assessments 14 Public Opinion 19 Views of Agricultural Producers 20 Crop Producers 21 Livestock and Producers 21 Seafood Industry 21 Organic Agriculture 22 Advocacy Organizations 22 U.S. Regulatory System’s Coordinated Framework 23 U.S. Department of Agriculture 25 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 25 Food Safety Inspection Service 27 Federal Drug Administration 27 Environmental Protection Agency 29 Pending Proposal: The Regulation of GE Animals 29 Defining Boundaries of GE and Non-GE Products 30 Low -Level Presence of GE Material 30 Regulation of Genome-Edited Products 31 GE Labeling 32 Federal Responsibility for Food Labeling 32 Mandatory Labeling: The National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard 33 Voluntary Labeling Programs 34 Biotechnology and Global Trade 34 U.S. Trade Objectives and Trade Agreements 34 Standards for Low-Level Presence of GE Material 35 Treatment of Genome Editing 35 GE Labeling Policies 36 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 36 Congressional Research Service Agricultural Biotechnolog