量子计算与金融系统：遥不可及的诡异行动.pdfVIP

3 Table of Contents I. Introduction 4 II. What is Quantum Computing? 5 III. Potential Benefits of Quantum Computing 8 IV. Potential Risks of Quantum Computing 10 V. The Way Forward 15 Annex I. Glossary of Technical Terms Used in the Paper 18 Annex II. A Brief History of Encryption, Cryptoanalysis and Digital Computers 20 Annex III. Modern Cryptographic Algorithms and Their Vulnerabilities to Current Technologies 24 Annex IV. Main Cryptographic Algorithms 26 References 29 “I cannot seriously believe in it [...] physics should represent a reality in time and space, free from spooky action at a distance . ” Albert Einstein 2 I. INTRODUCTION The quantum revolution is underway, with the pace of innovations accelerating in recent years. The most notable and much discussed example of quantum technology is quantum computing—the use of quantum physics to perform calculations that are intractable for even the most powerful current and future classical supercomputers.3 Leading technological companies have already developed working prototypes of quantum computers and provided access to them for researchers through their cloud services. Around the world, dozens of known projects are underway, from major corporations to startups and universities, to build quantum systems using different core technologies. If one of them overcomes current technological obstacles and creates a fully functional quantum computer or finds a way to use the existing models to solve practical computational tasks that are beyond the limits of conventional computers, it would have profound implica