病毒学实验技术techniques in virology.ppt

viruses are usuallydetected by indirect methods;Sampling Injection in animal models (diseases), or eggs Virus culture in mosquito or mammalian cells Detection of virus replication Cytopathic effect (syncitia, inclusion bodies, cell rounding, apoptosis, microarrays) Hemadsorption Antigen detection (immunocapture, Dot-blot, Western blot, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, ELISA Electron microscopy Genome detection (Electrophoresis, in situ or membrane Hybridization, RT-PCR, ` multiplex or real time PCR, NASBA, Hybrid RNA-DNA, microarrays, Sequencing, substraction sequencing, random amplification-cloning-high throughput sequencing-blast) Reporter gene in genetically engineered cell lines;Specimens: Blood: serum, plasma, PBMC Swabs: Tracheal, nasopharyngeal, cutaneous… Fluids: CSF, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, tracheal aspirate, tears… Tissues: Organs, skin… ;Sampling Injection in animal models (diseases), or eggs Virus culture in mosquito or mammalian cells Detection of virus replication Cytopathic effect (syncitia, inclusion bodies, cell rounding, apoptosis, microarrays) Hemadsorption Antigen detection (immunocapture, Dot-blot, Western blot, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, ELISA Electron microscopy Genome detection (Electrophoresis, in situ or membrane Hybridization, RT-PCR, ` multiplex or real time PCR, NASBA, Hybrid RNA-DNA, microarrays, Sequencing, substraction sequencing, random amplification-cloning-high throughput sequencing-blast) Reporter gene in genetically engineered cell lines;Choosing a culture system for animal viruses; 病毒的培养;tracheal organ cultures;Growing viruses in the lab;Cell culture;Animal virus plaques in a cell culture;Phage plaques in a lawn of bacterial cells;Plaques formed by a phage in a bacterial lawn. The control plate on the left was inoculated with only the bacterial host. The plate on the right was inoculated with phage and bacterial host. ;Quantification of viruses;Plaques formed by West Nile v