国际课程课件系列之物理boardworks Gravitational Fields Part 1 - Newtons law of gravitation.pptVIP

* of 8 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 8 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 8 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 54 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 54 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 54 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 54 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 8 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Universal gravitation Gravity is a universal attraction between any two masses. It is a relatively weak force, so we only tend to notice it when one of the masses is very large, like the Earth or a star, but it is also present on a tiny scale. Force between two masses Newton’s third law Newton reasoned that the gravitational pull exerted by a body should be proportional to its mass. Fgrav ? m1m2 So the force between the masses must be proportional to both. But Newton’s third law states that these forces are equal: F1 = F2 F2 ? m2 F2 F1 ? m1 F1 Fgrav Fgrav Inverse square law of gravitation Newton realised that the gravitational pull of the Earth on the Moon must be the force that kept the Moon in orbit. Fgrav ? m1 m2 r2 He concluded that the gravitational force between two bodies must fall off with the square of the distance between their centres. He compared the force that would be necessary to cause the Moon’s approximately circular motion to the force of gravity at the Earth’s surface. Newton’s law of gravitation Where the constant of proportionality, G, is called the gravitational constant: G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2 The full mathematical expression of Newton’s law of universal gravitation is: Fgrav = G m1 m2 r2 r Fgrav Fgrav Calculating gravitational forces * ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Boardworks A-level Physics Year 2 Gravitational Fields Part 1 * ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Boardworks A-level Physics Year 2 Gravitational Fields Part 1 Teacher notes Newton came up with the theory of universal gravitation – a single phenomenon that was the same on Earth as it was in the heavens. It was previously thought that the laws governing the heavens were different to those on Earth. * ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Boardworks A-level Physics Year 2