国际课程课件系列之物理boardworks Astrophysics Part 3 - Observing the universe.pptVIP

* ? Boardworks 2015 Boardworks A-level Physics Year 2 Astrophysics * ? Boardworks 2015 Boardworks A-level Physics Year 2 Astrophysics * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 2 4 6 8 500 1000 1500 0 wavelength / nm Black body radiation and Wien’s law A black body is a theoretical object that absorbs all the light that hits it, so it appears perfectly black when cold. When heated above absolute zero, it emits light across the whole electromagnetic spectrum, in a distribution that looks like this: Wien’s displacement law states that the hotter the black body, the shorter the peak wavelength of the curve: λmax T = constant λmax T = 2.9 × 10–3 m K This can be given a value: Black body temperatures When metal is heated, it glows red, then orange, then yellow, then white hot. You can get a sense of how hot it is just by looking at it. This is a good way of remembering how a black body behaves. Wien’s displacement law can be used to estimate the temperature of a star, from the peak wavelength of its light. Estimate the temperature of an orange star with a peak wavelength of 600 nm. λmax T = 2.9 × 10–3 m K = 4800 K T = 2.9 × 10–3 600 × 10–9 Absorption spectra When an electron moves between energy levels in an atom, it releases or absorbs a photon. When moving up energy levels, only a single photon of the relevant energy can be absorbed. It is not possible for an electron to ‘store up’ energy from smaller quanta until it has enough to jump. If a continuous spectrum of light is shone at a transparent material, a few discrete frequencies are absorbed, while the rest are transmitted. This forms an absorption spectrum. these lines in a star’s spectrum indicate the presence of hydrogen Some of the light produced by a star will be absorbed in this way by its outer layers, so the spec