国际课程课件系列之物理boardworks Capacitors Part 2 - Discharging a capacitor.pptVIP

* of 11 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 11 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 11 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 11 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 11 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 11 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 11 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Discharging a capacitor A 200 μF capacitor is charged to 10 V, then discharged through a 250 kΩ resistor. A data logger records the voltage across the capacitor at 10 s intervals for 90 s. time / s voltage / V 10.0 8.2 3.7 3.0 2.5 1.7 2.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 6.7 5.5 4.5 How would you expect the results to look? Plotting a discharge curve A capacitor C discharges through a resistor R when a switch is closed. The time taken for the capacitor to discharge depends on both R and C. The time constant – RC The product of R and C is called the time constant for the circuit, and gives an indication of how long the capacitor takes to discharge. What are the units of the time constant, RC? F × Ω = C / V × V / A [using equations Q = C V and V = I R] = C / A [charge = current × time] = s = A × s / A R C Changing the discharge time Capacitor decay equation V = V0 e–(t / RC) This is the equation for the exponential decay curve: V / V0 = e–(t / RC) ln (V / V0) = –t / RC t = –RC ln (V / V0) RC = –t / ln (V / V0) How can we rearrange this equation to calculate t, or RC? An exponential equation is the same as any other – when rearranging it, always do the same to both sides. The inverse (or opposite) of e is the natural logarithm, written ‘ln’ and found on your calculator: How does charge change with time? If the voltage of a discharging capacitor drops off at a rate of V = V0 e–(t / RC), what happens to the charge on its plates? What equation relates the voltage and charge of a capacitor? Q = C V The capacitance, C, is a fixed property of the capacitor, so this is a constant. Substitute the equation for V: Q = C V0 e–(t / RC) At time 0, Q0 = C V0, so the equation can be simplified to: Q = Q0 e–(t / RC) How does current change with time? As a capacitor discharges, v