国际课程课件系列之物理boardworks Nuclear Energy Part 3 - Nuclear power.pptVIP

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国际课程课件系列之物理boardworks Nuclear Energy Part 3 - Nuclear power.ppt

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* Boardworks A-Level Physics Year 2 Nuclear Energy Part 3 * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 39 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 39 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 39 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Nuclear chain reactions When a uranium-235 nucleus undergoes induced fission after collision with a neutron, it breaks up into two smaller nuclei and two neutrons. These are called fission neutrons. These fission neutrons can go on to cause further fission events, which will produce further neutrons, and so on, causing a chain reaction. The smallest amount of mass needed to sustain a chain reaction is called a critical mass. fission neutron chain reaction Energy from induced fission A nuclear reactor uses a controlled chain reaction to produce heat to produce steam for a generator. Apart from the source of heat, it works in the same way as a coal-fired power station. 1. Reactor produces heat. 2. Hot coolant from core heats water to produce steam. 3. Steam powers turbine generator. 4. Steam cooled and condensed by cooling tower. The thermal nuclear reactor Controlling the reactor output Parts of a thermal nuclear reactor Nuclear safety Nuclear reactors produce huge amounts of energy, much of which is in the form of gamma rays. Gamma rays are highly energetic photons of electromagnetic radiation. If they come into contact with the body they can cause cellular mutations, which can lead to cancer. Thick concrete shielding is used to absorb as many as possible of the stray gamma ray photons that try to escape from the reactor. γ damaged DNA Radiation exposure When handling radioactive material, the user should: The ALARA principle defines acceptable levels of exposure: the risk should be As Low As Reasonably Achievable. A radiation badge can be worn by a radiation worker to monitor his or her cumulative exposure to radiation. film badge dosimeter photographic film aluminium lead use tongs, a glove box or