国际课程课件系列之物理boardworks Radioactivity Part 4 - Instability and nuclear radius.pptVIP

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国际课程课件系列之物理boardworks Radioactivity Part 4 - Instability and nuclear radius.ppt

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* * ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Boardworks A-Level Physics Year 2 Radioactivity * * Teacher notes Students could be encouraged to notice that both density calculations lead to the same answer. ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Boardworks A-Level Physics Year 2 Radioactivity * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 13 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Nuclear instability Excited states and gamma emission Nuclei can still be unstable if they have too much energy after alpha or beta decay. The nucleus is said to be in an excited state. In this case it emits a gamma ray photon to move to the lower energy ground state. Note that this does not change the position of the nucleus on the graph of N against Z. Mg 27 12 excited states b-particles g-rays ground state Al 27 13 Al 27 13 Al 27 13 0 0.834 MeV 1.015 MeV Two possible routes for the decay of Mg to stable ground state Al are shown (one in red and one in blue). Technetium-99m Technetium-99m is made when molybdenum undergoes beta decay. The technetium-99m remains in an excited state for some time (it has a half-life of six hours) before decaying by gamma emission to the ground state. The excited state is therefore said to be metastable. Mo 99 13 Tc 99m 43 Tc 99 43 b g The technetium-99m can be separated from the molybdenum and used in medicine. 143 keV 0 Technetium-99m in medicine Technetium-99m can be injected into a patient who is then scanned with a gamma camera. The gamma emission by the isotope is detected and the images produced can be used to diagnose medical problems. Since gamma rays are relatively harmless inside the body, and since the half-life of technetium-99m is short, the radiation exposure and risk are minimized. Fill in the missing words Closest approach determination Electron diffraction Nuclear radius Electron diffraction can be used to measure the nuclear