国际课程课件系列之物理boardworks Oscillations Part 2 - SHM systems.pptVIP

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国际课程课件系列之物理boardworks Oscillations Part 2 - SHM systems.ppt

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* ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Boardworks A-Level Physics Year 2 Oscillations Boardworks A-Level Physics Year 2 Oscillations * ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Boardworks A-Level Physics Year 2 Oscillations * ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Boardworks A-Level Physics Year 2 Oscillations Boardworks A-Level Physics Year 2 Oscillations * ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 15 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 15 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 15 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 15 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 15 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 15 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 15 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Energy in oscillations Calculating energy An equation for velocity in terms of x total energy = kinetic energy + potential energy Substituting in the equations for energy: ? m (ω A)2 = ? m v2 + ? m (ω x)2 This equation can be re-arranged to give an expression for v in terms of x: ? m v2 = ? m (ω A)2 – ? m (ω x)2 m v2 = m (ω A)2 – m (ω x)2 v2 = (ω A)2 – (ω x)2 v = ±ω (A2 ? x2) √ Velocity calculations Mass on a vertical spring Is a mass on a vertical spring a simple harmonic oscillator? T mg L0 x Consider a spring of natural length L0, which extends by length x when a mass is suspended from it. applied force = k x where k is the spring constant. T = –k x a = F / m, therefore: k and m are constant, so this is SHM. a = –k x m i.e. Time period for a mass on a spring The time period for a vertical mass on a spring is only dependent on k and m. If a mass on a vertical spring undergoes oscillation with acceleration given by a = –kx m and the condition for SHM is a = –ω2 x ω = 2π f = . k m then f = 1 / T, therefore = k m 2π T T = 2π m k T mg L0 x Calculations using T for a vertical spring Is a pendulum a harmonic oscillator? Consider a pendulum bob of mass m on a string of length l at an angle θ to the vertical. The component of the weight perpendicular to the string is m g sin θ, therefore the restoring force Ft is given by: Ft = –m g sin θ The acceleration is not exactly proportional to θ. However, if θ is