国际课程课件系列之物理boardworks Nuclear Energy Part 1 - Mass and energy.pptVIP

* of 10 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 10 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 10 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 39 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 39 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 39 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 10 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Mass and energy Albert Einstein’s famous equation E = mc2 gives the universal relationship between energy and mass. If a piece of material of mass 5.0 kg could be completely converted into energy, how much energy would be released? energy (J) = mass (kg) × [speed of light (m s–1)]2 energy (J) = 5.0 × (3.0 × 108)2 energy released (J) = 4.5 × 1017 J This is a colossal amount of energy – three times the amount that arrives at the Earth from the Sun every second. Energy–mass conversion The conversion of small masses into large quantities of energy is the basis of nuclear power and the nuclear bomb. It is also the source of the Sun’s energy. Energy can also be converted into mass. For example, a gamma photon can be converted into an electron and a positron. γ e– e+ This is called pair production. Mass and energy calculations Atomic mass unit 1 u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg The mass of an atom is often expressed in atomic mass units (u), to avoid using very tiny fractions of the kilogram. One atomic mass unit is equal to one-twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom: The mass and relative charge of each of the constituent particles of the atom is shown in the table below: 1.0073 1.0087 5.49 × 10–4 proton neutron electron particle mass / u relative charge +1 0 –1 Mass defect The mass of a nucleus is always less than the total mass of the nucleons from which it is made. The difference between the mass of a nucleus and the total mass of its nucleons is called the mass defect of the nucleus. mass defect = (mass of nucleons) – (mass of nucleus) From the definition of an atomic mass unit, one carbon atom has a mass of 12 u. But what is the combined mass of the six protons and six neutrons that make up a carbon-12 nucleus? total mass = (6 × 1.0073) + (