国际课程课件系列之物理boardworks Optics Part 3 - Refraction.pptVIP

* of 8 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 46 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 46 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 8 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 46 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 46 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 46 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 8 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 8 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 What is refraction? Refraction is the change of direction a light ray undergoes when it enters a medium with a different optical density. Light travels at different speeds in materials with different optical densities, and the change in direction occurs due to the change in the speed of the light. In a vacuum, light travels at 299,792,458 ms-1. Why does refraction occur? As a light ray enters a medium that is more optically dense, it slows down and bends towards the normal. As a light ray enters a medium that is less optically dense, it speeds up and bends away from the normal. i1 r1 i1 = r2 r1 = i2 i2 r2 In this diagram: Investigating refraction Refractive index The speed of light in a particular substance is expressed as the refractive index (n) of that medium. 2.419 123,933,393 diamond 1.51 198,538,051 glass 1.333 224,900,569 water 1.0003 299,702,547 air 1 299,792,458 vacuum refractive index (n) speed of light (ms-1) medium refractive indexof substance (ns) speed of light in vacuum (c) speed of light in substance (cs) = Snell’s law of refraction Refractive indices can be used to make predictions about refraction. Snell’s law of refraction states: n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2 medium 1: refractive index = n1 medium 2: refractive index = n2 Refraction calculations * Boardworks A-level Physics Year 1 and AS Optics * Boardworks A-level Physics Year 1 and AS Optics Photo credit: ? / Jan van der Hoeven * Boardworks A-level Physics Year 1 and AS Optics * Boardworks A-level Physics Year 1 and AS Optics Teacher notes The refractive index of glass varies, depending on the type and purity. The value shown here is for glass typically used in windows. The speed of light in a vacuum is usually rounded to 3.00 × 108ms