第11章转座子和逆转座子.pptVIP

第11章 转座子和逆转座子Transposons and retrotansposons;转座子 ( transposon,Tn) ;Discovery of Transposable Elements;印第安彩虹玉米，具有从最大到最小易于区分的10对染色体。;*; Transposable element in E. coli , 1960;转座子的分类;第一节 细菌的转座因子 Transposable elements in Bacteria;1.插入序列 (Insertion sequences，IS) ;插入序列的结构 The structure of IS element;*;*;插入序列末端两重复序列高度相似但不完全相同。 An IS element ends in short inverted terminal repeats ; usually the two copies of the repeat are closely related rather than identical. 插入序列的中间序列常具有编码转座酶的功能。 IS elements code for the transposase. 插入序列转座后常导致靶位点的重复。 When an IS element transposes, a sequence of host DNA at the site of insertion is duplicated.;Duplication of a short sequence of DNA at the insertion site;;Formation of a conjugative R plasmid by recombination between IS elements;2. 复合转座子 Composite Transposons Composite transposons contain a variety of genes that reside between two nearly identical IS elements . Composite transposon is designated by Tn, followed by a number.;;一些复合转座子两端的IS序列完全相同的，如Tn9和Tn903。 In some cases, IS modules are identical, such as Tn9 (direct repeats of IS1) or Tn903 (inverted repeats of IS903). 另外一些转座子中，IS非常相似但不完全相同，因而用R和L表示。 In other cases, the modules are closely related, but not identical. So we can distinguish the L and R modules in Tn10 or in Tn5. ;A schematic map of a plasmid carrying simple and composite transposon-resistance genes. ;IS序列既可以自我转座又可以和复合转座子共同转座。 A functional IS module can transpose either itself or the entire transposon. 当IS序列完全相同时，两者均可独立进行转座。 When the two IS modules are identical, either module can sponsor the transposition. 当IS序列不完全相同时，两者之一引发转座，L。 When the modules are different, transposition can depend on one of the modules;3. 非复合型转座子Noncomposite transposons;*;第二节 真核生物的转座因子Transposable Elements in Eukaryotes; 1.玉米的Ac-Ds 转座系统 （The Ac-Ds system in maize）;*;玉米中转座因子效应;*;; 杂交劣育（Hybrid dysgenesis）: a condition causing sterility, elevated mutation rate, and a chromosome rearrangement in the offspring