林木病理学第三章chapter3.pptxVIP

;;;形态结构Morphology 单个细菌为无色透明或淡黄白色的细胞，形状有杆形，球形或椭圆形，螺旋形，弧形或线形等。Bacteria may be rod-shaped, spherical, ellipsoidal, spiral, comma-shaped, or filamentous. Some can transform themselves into spores. ;; 细菌细胞主要结构从外到内依次为荚膜、鞭毛、细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质及核质区。 A cell wall often surrounded by a gelatinous sheath. Inside the wall is the cytoplasm, limited by a plasma membrane and containing one or more pronuclei. There are no mitochondria and chloroplasts. ;;; 细菌细胞壁组成的不同，使细菌分为革兰氏染色阴性（G–）和阳性（G﹢）两类。 G–菌肽聚糖含量5%-10%，脂多糖含量11%—22%，G﹢肽聚糖含量50%—60%，磷酸 含量1%--4%。; 在革兰氏染色过程中，先结晶紫染色，碘液媒染，乙醇处理溶解脂多糖，使细胞壁透性增加，结晶紫—碘复合物被提出，再进行复红二次染色。G–即被染上红色，而G﹢由于脂类少，乙醇处理肽聚糖孔径变小，透性降低，结晶紫—碘复合物不易被抽提而保持紫色。植物病原细菌大多为G–菌。;; 细胞膜为蛋白质和磷脂组成的双层膜，为能量代谢的场所，相当于真核细胞的线粒体。 细胞质中有核糖体，液泡等内含物，无线粒体。细菌没有真正的细胞核，只有核质区，为原核，里面含有一个环形DNA,无核膜。 Each pronucleus consists of a single chromosome, compacted into a somewhat globose mass without a nuclear envelope. ; 当单个细菌在固体培养基表面或里面生长繁殖，其后代很快就会形成被称为菌落的细菌群体，菌落有一定的稳定性和专一性，是细菌分类的特征之一。 Single bacteria appear hyaline or yellowish-white under the compound microscope. When a single bacterium is allowed to grow (multiply) on the surface or within a solid medium, its progeny soon produces a visible mass called a colony.;;;繁殖Multiplication 细菌以二均分裂方式（裂殖）进行繁殖，繁殖速度快，适宜条件下，20分钟分裂一次。 Phytopathogenic bacteria reproduce by the asexua1 process known as binary fission. Under favorable conditions bacteria may divide every 20 minutes. At this rate one bacterium conceivably could produce one million bacteria in 10 hours. But, because of the diminution of the food supply, the accumulation of metabolic wastes, and other limiting factors, reproduction slows down and may finally come to a stop. ;;;营养及生长条件 主要需要水和C 、N、P 、K、Na 、Mg、Mn、Fe等常量元素和Cu、Zn等微量元素，有的还需要维生素。Bacteria mainly need water and minerals such as C, N, P, K, Na, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu、Zn，some also need vitamins。Most are aerobic, a few are anaerobic or facultative.;;;;;Classification an