统计学英文课件：Chapter 03 Numerical Measures.pptVIP

Describing Data:Numerical Measures Chapter 3 Characteristics of the Mean The arithmetic mean is the most widely used measure of location. It requires the interval scale. Its major characteristics are: All values are used. It is unique. The sum of the deviations from the mean is 0. It is calculated by summing the values and dividing by the number of values. Population Mean For ungrouped data, the population mean is the sum of all the population values divided by the total number of population values: EXAMPLE – Population Mean Sample Mean For ungrouped data, the sample mean is the sum of all the sample values divided by the number of sample values: EXAMPLE – Sample Mean Properties of the Arithmetic Mean Every set of interval-level and ratio-level data has a mean. All the values are included in computing the mean. A set of data has a unique mean. The mean is affected by unusually large or small data values. The arithmetic mean is the only measure of central tendency where the sum of the deviations of each value from the mean is zero. Weighted Mean The weighted mean of a set of numbers X1, X2, ..., Xn, with corresponding weights w1, w2, ...,wn, is computed from the following formula: EXAMPLE – Weighted Mean The Median The Median is the midpoint of the values after they have been ordered from the smallest to the largest. There are as many values above the median as below it in the data array. For an even set of values, the median will be the arithmetic average of the two middle numbers. Properties of the Median There is a unique median for each data set. It is not affected by extremely large or small values and is therefore a valuable measure of central tendency when such values occur. It can be computed for ratio-level, interval-level, and ordinal-level data. It can be computed for an open-ended frequency distribution if the median does not lie in an open-ended class. EXAMPLES - Median The ages for a sample of five college students are: 21, 25, 19, 20,