淋巴系统与免疫.pptVIP

2021/1/12 Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigens Some are direct, but most lymphocyte activation involves glycoproteins on the surface of cells called MHC molecules. All cell membranes have MHC MHC class I molecules (Fig. 22.12a) On nucleated cells, foreign or self proteins are fragmented in the nucleated cells and become antigens. They combine with MHC class I molecule in the cell and the complex are transported on the surface of the cell. At the surface of the cell membrane, the foreign antigen/MHC I complex will attract T cells and the cell will be destroyed. (cell mediated immunity), while self antigen/MHC I will not. 2021/1/12 MHC class II Molecules (Fig 22.12b) The more complex and advanced lymphocytes stimulation use MHC II molecules. These molecules are found in antigen-presenting cells, such as B cells, macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells. Antigen-presenting cells phagocytically ingest unprocessed antigens, process them and let them combine with MCH II molecules. the complex will be presented on the surface of the cells. They stimulate the other (lymphocytes) immune cells to divide and to cause the destruction of the antigen. 2021/1/12 2021/1/12 Costimulation In addition to the interaction between the presented MHC II/ antigen and antigen receptor, costimulation, with cytokinins for example, is needed (Fig.22 13a) Another costimulation (Fig. 23. 13b) is achieved cross linking two cells with other molecules such as CD4, B7, CD28, etc. Other example of cytokinins are listed in Table 22.4. Note interferons and interleukins. Helper T Cells Enhances more production of T and B cells On activation helper T cells produce a variety of cytokins that coordinated specific and nonspecific defenses and stimulate cell mediated immunity. Study Fig. 22.14 and 22.15 to find how proliferation of helper T cell can be achieved. In short, with the help of cytokinins, such as interleukins, the number of helper T cells increase and thus stimulate B cells or effector