国际商业文化Lectu.pptVIP

Chapter 2;;Cautionary remarks for one to better use the cultural types;Common cultural patterns that could be said to hold for the whole country must to be limited to the dominant culture in each country. There are literally hundreds of cultural patterns found in every culture. Cultures change and therefore so do the values of the culture. In many instances, we find contradictory values in a particular culture.;Hofstedes Dimensions; These dimensions were arrived in his 1980 publication, Cultures consequences: International differences in work-related values. The study took existing survey data (sample size of 116,000) collected from a multinational corporation(IBM). 40 countries (done in the early 1970s);Individualism vs Collectivism ;On the other hand, in collectivist cultures it was said that any person through birth and other events belongs to one or more cohesive collectives (“in-group”), from which he or she cannot detach himself or herself. The in-group (for example, the extended family with grandparents and either paternal or maternal uncles, aunts, and cousins --- or on a larger scale, the nation and its governmental institutions) should protect the interests of its members but in exchange can expect their permanent loyalty.;Traits of Highly Individualist Cultures Emphasis on individual initiative, decisions, and achievement. ;;The belief that in society, everyone is supposed to take care of himself or herself and his or her immediate family;Emotional independence of the individual from organizations or institutions ;The idea that the same value standards should apply to all: universalism ;;日本：突出来的钉子，将会被打下去 In Japan, “the nail that sticks up is pounded down” 前苏维埃：最早长出来的草，最先被砍去。 In the former Soviet Union, “the highest blades of grass is always the first to be cut” that governed the attitude of the “have-nots” are valid reflection of collectivist societal attitudes. 枪打出头鸟 人怕出名猪怕壮 表现了社会对个人超过集体的不能容易 Bothe express society’s intolerance of the placement of p