英语：英语词汇学： 词义.pptVIP

英语词汇学Chapter 5 Word Meaning词 义 5.1 The Meaning of ‘meaning’ 词义的意义 5.1.1 Reference 所指关系 Words are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired reference. 词只是符号，许多词只有获得所指关系后才有意义. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. 。所指关系是指言语与周围世界的关系. 5.1.2 Concept 概念 Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. 意义与概念有紧密的联系，但并不等同。他们都直接与所指对象相关，都是词的概念，但 属于不同的范畴。 5.1.2 Concept 概念 Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. 概念是言语以外的东西，是人类认识的结果，是客观事物在人脑中的反映。 It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on whereas meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use. 概念对全部人类都一样，没有文化、种族、言语等方面的区别，而意义只属于言语范畴，所以仅限于言语的使用中。 Therefore, a concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world. Even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words. 因此，世界上有多少种言语，一个概念就有不同的表达法。甚至同一种言语，相同的概念可以用不同的词表示。 5.1.3 Sense 语义 Generally speaking, the meaning of ‘meaning’ is perhaps what is termed ‘sense’. Unlike reference, ‘sense’ denotes the relationships inside the language. 一般说来，‘意义’的意义也许就是“语义〞 。不像所指，“语义〞表示言语内部的关系。 Every word that-has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) 有意义的每个词都有语义，但并不是每个词都有所指。 5.2 Motivation 理据 Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 理据解释的是言语符号和词义联系。 5.2.1 Onomatopoeic Motivation 拟声理据 In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their meanings, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises在现代英语中，人们可能会发觉有些词的声音暗指了其意义。因为这些词是通过模仿自然声音的方法创 造出来的。. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. 了解这些词的语音意味着理解其意义。 5.2.2 Morphological Motivation形态理据 Compounds and derived Words are multi-morphemic w