《大气污染》英文课件第10章VOCs.ppt

Chapter 10 Control of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) key VOCs Control by prevention Calculation of condensation/adsorption/absorption/combustion Why we talk about VOCs? Second-most widespread and diverse class of emissions Toxic, carcinogenic Participate in the smog reaction Contribute to the formation of fine particle Global warning because of infrared absorption How serious? Emissions Estimates: 20 million tons/year in U.S.A National as well as Guangdong situation 机动车 全国1.9亿辆 北京近500万辆 上海、广州超过 200万辆 广州、深圳、杭州、成都等超过 100万辆 溶剂使用和生产 2010年全国涂料产量超过1000万吨（包括涂料和建筑涂料） 广东省产量超过1/3，占全国第一位 排放总量： 3700万t （曹国良等, 2010） 工业VOC s1500万t （叶代启等, 2010） 10.1 Vapor Pressure, Equilibrium Vapor Content, Evaporation Behavior of volatile liquids as a function of their vapor pressure p and Patm Raoults Law Example 10.1 Estimate the water content of air that is equilibrium with pure water at 68℉ (20℃) Using the value read from the previous fig., we find Example 10.2 A liquid mixture of 50 mol percent benzene and 50 mol percent toluene in equilibrium with air in a closed container. At 68 ℉, the vapor pressure of benzene and toluene are 1.45 and 0.42 psia, respectively. Estimate the content in air. VOLATILITY Clausius-Clapyron Equation Antoine Equation Please calculate the sat. pressure of C2H6O in 25℃. We read from P559 that A=8.04494,B=1554.3, C=222.65. So, p=58.7mmHg (7.7kPa). VOCs 10.2 VOCs Vapor Pressure ≥ 0.01 psia (0.0007atm, 70Pa) Boiling Points ≤ 260 ℃ Benzene 80 ℃ toluene 111 ℃ Xylene 138-144 ℃ means: Organic compounds up to 12 carbon atoms Hydrocarbon (HC) Vapour pressure and molecular weight change during distillation 10.3 Control by Prevention Substitution Oil-based paints, coatings, and inks to water-based ones Process Modification Improve public transport Leakage Control Working losses Filling or displacement losses Emptying losses Breathing losses Example of clean production江苏某化工厂清洁生产实例 生产有机化工产品，如医药中间体吡咯烷 生产工艺落后，污染严重，被要求限期治理。吡咯烷生产存在的问题