《大气污染》英文课件第11章Control of sulfur oxides.ppt

Control of sulfur oxides Chapter 11 context 1. The elementary oxidation-reduction chemistry of sulfur and nitrogen 2. An overview of the sulfur problem 3. The removal of reduced sulfur compounds from petroleum and natural gas streams 4. Removal of SO2 from rich waste gases 5. Removal of SO2 from lean waste gases 1. The elementary oxidation-reduction chemistry of sulfur and nitrogen H2S S SO2 SO3 M(SO4)X ? H2S From natural gas From anaerobic systems ? Toxic, Highly odorous ? SO2 Fossil Fuel combustion, S (in fuel) + O2 ? SO2 ? Base metal smelting, e.g. CuFeS2 + 5/2 O2 ? Cu + FeO + 2 SO2 SO3 From oxidation of SO2, normally requires V2O5 or other catalyst ? MSO4 Contribute to urban PM10 and PM2.5 A multi-pollutant/multi-effect problem 2. An overview of the sulfur problem Coal S : high (3-4%), low (1%) - Pyritic, FeS2, can be removed by crushing down to 100 microns and flotation, “washing” Organic, bonded to coal matrix, cannot be removed Oil: less than coal Diesel: high (0.5 – 1.5%), low (0.1%), now going down to 350 ppm Petroleum S can be reduced by hydrodesulfurization Sulfur Control options H2S Recover elemental S at high concentrations, burn to SO2 at low concentrations ? SO2 Recover as H2SO4 at high concentrations (more than a few %) ? Capture as CaSO4 at low concentrations (1000 – 5000 ppm) 3. H2S removal from petroleum and natural gas NG, absorption with monoethanolamine stripping ? S recovery from H2S by controlled catalytic oxidation: H2S + ? O2 ? S + H2O CLAUS PROCESS ? S removal from petroleum fractions by hydrodesulfurization: S (in HC) + H2 ? H2S (Ni, Co, Mo, W catalysts) H2S recovery follows as above. Example 11.1A flow of 1.5×106sm3/d natural gas which contain 1 percent of H2S, is treated in the apparatus to reduce the H2S concentration to 4 ppm. The gas is scrubbed at a pressure of 100 atm and 20℃. Estimate the required water flow rate. 4. SO2 from rich gases Example 11.3