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可编写可更正 SherryYao 99 APMICROREVIEW 1.BasicEconomicConcepts(8%-14%) A.Scarcity,choice,andopportunitycost Scarcity:thelimitednatureofsociety’sresources Economics:thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources Peoplefacetrade-off(efficiencyorequality) Opportunitycost:whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem Productionpossibilitiescurve Theproductionpossibilitiescurveshowsthecombinationsofoutput thattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsof productionandtheavailableproductiontechnology Qy 1. Theoppcost ofQxequalsthe slope ofcurve 2. Theoppcost ofQxishigher, the curveis steeper 3.oppcostisconstant,thePPFisstrict line 4.Technologyadvance→PPFshift Inefficie nt Qx Comparativeadvantage,absoluteadvantage,specializationandtrade Comparativeadvantage:theabilitytoproduceagoodatalower opportunitycostthananotherproducer Absoluteadvantage:theabilitytoproduceagoodusingfewerinputs 1 可编写可更正 thananotherproducers Tradecanbenefiteveryoneinsocietybecauseitallowspeopleto specializeinactivitiesinwhichtheyhaveacomparativeadvantage. Economicsystem Propertyrightsandtheroleofincentives Propertyrights:theabilityofanindividualtoownanexercisecontrol overscarceresources Marketpower Marketfailure:allocateresourcesinefficiently← Negativeexternality Incentive:somethingthatinducesapersontoact(theprospectofa punishmentorareward) Marginalanalysis Marginalchange:asmallincrementaladjustmenttoaplanofaction Peoplemakechoicewhenmarginalbenefit>marginalcost TheNatureandFunctionsofProductMarkets(55%-70%) SupplyandDemand(15%-20%) Marketequilibrium Asituationinwhichthemarketpricehasreachedthelevelatwhich quantitysuppliedequalsquantitydemanded Determinantsofsupply Income:income↓,demandofnormalgoods↓,demandofinferiorgood ↑ Pricesofrelatedgoods:priceofsubstitute↓,demandofanother good↓ priceofcomplements↓,demandofanothergood 2 可编写可更正 ↑ Tastes Expectations:expecthigherincome,demand↑ Numberofbuyers:buyers↑,demand↑ c)Determinantsofdemand Inputprice:inputprice↑,supply↓ Technology:advanceintechnology,supply↑ Expect

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