罗伯特·S.平狄克-微观经济学（第九版）PindyckPPT_Ch.8.pptxVIP

MICROECONOMICSby Robert S. Pindyck Daniel RubinfeldNinth EditionCopyright ? 2016, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Chapter 8Profit Maximization and Competitive SupplyCHAPTER OUTLINE7.1 Perfectly Competitive Markets7.2 Profit Maximization7.3 Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost, and Profit Maximization7.4 Choosing Output in the Short Run7.5 The Competitive Firm’s Short-Run Supply Curve7.6 The Short-Run Market Supply Curve7.7 Choosing Output in the Long Run7.8 The Industry’s Long-Run Supply CurveLIST OF EXAMPLES8.1 Condominiums versus Cooperatives in New York City8.2 The Short-Run Output Decision of an Aluminum Smelting Plant8.3 Some Cost Considerations for Managers8.4 The Short-Run Production of Petroleum Products8.5 The Short-Run World Supply of Copper8.6 Constant-, Increasing-,and Decreasing-Cost Industries: Coffee, Oil, and Automobiles8.7 The Supply of Taxicabs in New York8.8 The Long-Run Supply of Housing 8.1 Perfectly Competitive Markets (1 of 2)PRICE TAKINGBecause each individual firm sells a sufficiently small proportion of total market output, its decisions have no impact on market price.price taker Firm that has no influence over market price and thus takes the price as given.PRODUCT HOMOGENEITYWhen the products of all of the firms in a market are perfectly substitutable with one another—that is, when they are homogeneous—no firm can raise the price of its product above the price of other firms without losing most or all of its business.In contrast, when products are heterogeneous, each firm has the opportunity to raise its price above that of its competitors without losing all of its sales.The assumption of product homogeneity is important because it ensures that there is a single market price, consistent with supply-demand analysis. 8.1 Perfectly Competitive Markets (2 of 2)FREE ENTRY AND EXITfree entry (or exit) Condition under which there are no special costs that make it difficult for a firm to enter (or exit) an industry.With free ent