第2章国际贸易的动态环境.pptVIP

Chapter 2The Dynamic Environment of International Trade第一页，共三十七页。 IntroductionHistory of world trade:Stock market crash of 1929; U.S. gave up on free tradeOther countries retaliated and world trade collapsed into a global depressionAfter World War II, the U.S. and the industrialized nations wanted free trade World trade increased 22-fold since 1950General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was formed in 1944 to help reduce tariffs 2-2第二页，共三十七页。 OverviewTransition of the world trade from the 20th to the 21st centuryBalance of paymentsProtectionism – Logic and illogicTrade barriersEasing trade restrictions – GATT, WTO, IMF, and the World Bank GroupAnti-globalization protests 2-3第三页，共三十七页。 Global PerspectiveTrade Barriers: An International Marketer’s MinefieldMany countries take advantage of U.S. open markets while putting barriers in the way of U.S. exportsJapan (snow skis, rice, baseballs, and beef)France (American movies and songs)Britain (taxing of PG’s Pringle potato chips)Trade barriers not only limit how much U.S. companies can sell, they also raise prices for imported products much higher than they sell for in the U. S. Since the birth of the WTO (World Trade Organization), efforts have been made by many countries to reduce trade barriers, benefiting the world socially, politically, and economic ally2-4第四页，共三十七页。 The International Trade EnvironmentYesterday’s competitive market battles were fought in western Europe, Japan, and the United states; now these battles have expanded to Latin America, eastern Europe, Russia, China, India, Asia, and Africa. This emerging global economy brings significant advantages to both marketers and consumers:Marketers benefit from new markets that give them viable business opportunitiesConsumers benefit from a wide array of goods at the lowest prices. 2-5第五页，共三十七页。 Top Ten 2009 U.S. Trading Partners($ billions, merchandise trade)Exhibit 2.12-6第六页，共三十七页。 Twentieth to the Twenty-First Century (1 of 2)First Half of the Twentie