供应链管理的国际化问题.pptxVIP

供应链管理的国际化问题第1页/共62页第2页/共62页Wal-Mart in South AmericaWhy is Wal-Mart not as successful in Latin America as they are in the US?What mistakes did Wal-Mart make?If you were running Wal-Mart, what would you have done differently?第3页/共62页沃尔玛在南美为什么沃尔玛在拉美不如在美国成功？沃尔玛犯了什么错误？如果你在经营沃尔玛，你会怎么做？第4页/共62页Wal-Mart in South AmericaProduct differencesAre there global products?Is this a trend?What is the balance between local tastes, global products?Dealing with established competition, aggressive competitorsDeveloping market knowledge第5页/共62页沃尔玛在南美产品差异有全球性的产品吗？这是一个趋势吗？如何平衡当地习惯与全球性产品？应对现有的竞争和成长迅速的对手培养市场知识第6页/共62页Wal-Mart in South AmericaLack of critical massDifferent infrastructure/ business environmentdistribution problemsdifferent equipment standards cultural differencespostdated checksIssues with foreign governments Deep pockets for success第7页/共62页沃尔玛在南美缺乏关键性多数－11家南美供应商对Wal-Mart苛刻的低价要求极为不满，有段时间他们甚至拒绝供货不同的基础设施与商业环境配送问题－在南美没有自己的配送系统，而美国本土有，南美主要靠供应商与合同运输公司送货不同的设备标准（货价和当地托盘不匹配等）和文化差异没有信用检测系统，无法接受“事后支票” postdated checks与外国政府的问题成功需要雄厚的财力第8页/共62页Taxonomy of International Supply ChainsWhat are some advantages, disadvantages of:International distributionInternational suppliersOff-shore manufacturingFully integrated global supply chain第9页/共62页国际供应链的分类以下模式的优势与劣势（很多是综合的）国际配送：生产以本土为主，但分销系统及一部分营销发生在海外国际供应商：原材料与零部件由海外供应商提供，但产品的最终装配仍在国内。在某些情况下，产成品会运到海外销售离岸生产：产品生产在海外进行，产成品运回国内销售配送完全整合的全球供应链：原材料采购、生产、销售发生在全球不同工厂。第10页/共62页Increasing Globalization1/5 of output of US firms produced abroadUS Companies hold $500 Billion in foreign asset stocks (7% annual growth)1/4 of US imports between foreign affiliates and US parent companiesOver half of US companies increased the number of countries in which they operate (late 80’s to early 90’s)第11页/共62页日益增长的全球化美国工厂1/5的产出是国外生产的美国公司持有5000亿美元的国外资产股份（每年增长7%）子公司与其美国母公司之间的进口占美国进口的1/4超过一半的美国公司扩大了在其他国家运营的公司数量（80年代末，90年代初）第12页/共62页Forces Driving GlobalizationGlobal Market ForcesTechnological ForcesGlobal Cost ForcesPolitical and Economic Forces第13页/共62页驱动全球化的动力市场全球化的力量技术的力量全球