生理学教学课件：第二章细胞的兴奋.pptVIP

chap. 2 The resting membrane potential chap. 3 Action potential第二章 细胞的兴奋from Berne Levy Principles of Physiology (4th ed) 2005chap. 16 Electrical activity of the heartchap. 17 Natural excitation of the heart Observations of Membrane Potentials4. ACTION PONTIELS1. IONIC EQUILIBRIA2. RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIALS3. SUBTHRESHOLD RESPONSES5. 心肌细胞和起搏细胞的动作电位 Luigi Galvani(1737-1798) Observations of Membrane Potentials Extracellular recording Helmholtz测量出神经信号的传导速度 Intracellular recording Voltage clamp macroscopical current Patch clamp single channel current 1. IONIC EQUILIBRIAConcentration forceElectrical force 在选择性通透膜上建立的平衡 Electrochemical Equilibrium When the force caused by the concentration difference and the force caused by the electrical potential difference are equal and opposite, no net movement of the ion occurs, and the ion is said to be in electrochemical equilibrium across the membrane. When an ion is in electrochemical equilibrium, the electrochemical potential difference is called as equilibrium potential or Nernst potential. The Nernst EquationWhereEX equilibrium potential of X+R ideal gas constantT absolute temperaturez charge number of the ionF Faraday’s number natural logarithm of concentration ration of X+ on the two sides of the membrane At any membrane potential other than the Ex , there will be an electrochemical driving force for the movement of X+ across the membrane, which tend to pull the membrane potential toward its EX. The greater the difference between the membrane potential and the EX will result in a greater driving force for net movement of ions. Movement can only happen if there are open channels! Distribution of Ions Across Plasma Membranesof a human skeletal muscle cell 神经元胞内的钾离子浓度高胞外的钠、氯、钙离子浓度高 2. RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIALSThe cytoplasm is usually electrically negative relative to the extracellular fluid. This electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane