量子力学英文课件格里菲斯Chapter4.pptVIP

Outline The generalization to three dimensions is straight -forward. Schr?dinger’s equation says where the Hamiltonian operator H is obtained from the classical energyby the standard prescription (applied now to y and z, as well as x): orfor short. Thus, Schr?dinger’s equation [4.1] becomesis the Laplacian, in Cartesian coordinates. The potential energy V and the wave function ? are now functions of r = (x, y, z) and t. The probability of finding the particle in infinitesimal volume d3r = dxdydz is |?(r,t)|2d3r. with the integral taken over all space. If the potential is independent of time, there will be a complete set of stationary states, The normalization condition of the wave function reads where the spatial wave function ?n satisfies the time-independent Schr?dinger equation; The general solution to the (time-dependent) Schr?dinger equation iswith the constant cn determined by the initial wave function, ?(r,0), in the usual way. If the potential admits continuum state, then the sum in Eq.[4.9] becomes an integral. Typically, the potential is a function only of the distance from the origin, i.e. V(r, ? , ?)= V(r) . In that case it is natural to adopt spherical coordinates, (r, ?, ?) (see Figure 4.1). In spherical coordinates the Laplacian takes the form In spherical coordinates, then, the time-independent Schr?dinger equation reads We begin by looking for solutions that are separable into products:Putting this into Eq.[4.14], we have Dividing by (YR) and multiplying by -2mr2/?2 The term in the first curly bracket depends only on r, whereas the remainder depends only on ? and ?; accordingly, each must be a constant. For reasons that will appear in due course, we will write this “separation constant” in the form l(l+1). NOTE: Eqs. [4.16] and [4.17] are equal to the time-independent Schr?dinger equation [4.14] ! Eq.[4.17] determines the dependence of ? on ? and ? ; multiplying