第二章基因组的结构与功能.pptx

第二章基因组的结构与功能;Genome: a set of integrated monoploid genetic material sum total in cellule or organism、 Structure of genome: the distribution and alinement of diverse gene domain in nucleic acid、 Function of genome: store and express hereditary information、 ;　Genome: 　　　Humans have two genomes, which together make up the total genome: a chromosomal genome -- inside the nucleus of the cell in the familiar form of chromosomes; and a mitochondrial genome -- outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm of the cell, usually in the form of one round chromosome (the mitochondrial chromosome)、 ;diversity species creature, diversity genome size as well as plex extent、;the more evolve, the more plicated to genome、;第一节 人类基因组的结构与功能 The Genome Structure and Function of Human;;;人类基因数量几度缩水;higher structure of eukaryotic chromatin 真核生物染色质由DNA和蛋白质构成,其基本单位是核小体(nucleosome) pose of nucleosome DNA:approximately 200bp Histone:H1;H2A;H2B;H3;H4; Nucleosome is the fundamental histone-containing structural subunit of eukaryotic chromosomes、 In most eukaryotic organisms, nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is plexed with an approximately equal mass of histone protein、 The nucleosome is organized so that the DNA is exterior and the histones interior、 The DNA makes two turns around a core of eight histone molecules、 A short length of linker or spacer DNA connects one nucleosome to the next, forming a nucleosomal chain that has been likened to a beaded string、 This basic structure is found in all forms of chromatin、 ;真核细胞基因组中结构基因的特点 1、真核生物的结构基因大多为断裂基因; 2、真核细胞基因转录产物为单顺反子; 3、结构基因所占区域远小于非编码区域。;二、人基因组中存在大量重复序列 　1、高度重复序列:重复频率达到106。 　2、中度重复序列:重复频率达到105。 　3、单拷贝序列:重复频率低于10次,占基因组中 大部分区域,编码大部分蛋白质。;Concept: 真核生物基因组中普遍存在着重复序列,其中重复频率高,可达百万(106)以上的重复序列,称之为高度重复序列。 在人类基因组中约占20％。 由于高度重复序列中碱基组成的复杂度特别低,因此其复??速率特别快。 ;function: ①参与复制水平的调节。 反向序列常存在于DNA复制起点区的附近;另外,许多反向重复序列是一些蛋白质(包括酶)和DNA的结合位点。 ②参与基因表达的调控。 ③参与转位作用。 几乎所有转位因子的末端都包含反向重复序列,长度由几个bp